Civil Technology

Stones The stones also used for masonry should be hard , durable , tough , and sound , free from weathering , defects like cavities , cracks , sand holes , injurious veins , patches of loose or soft materials etc. The stones should be obtained only from approved quarry.The stone should be obtained by quarrying large massive rock and not by breaking small size.Boulders having rounded faces. Rocks from which building stones are obtained , are divided into three groups : 1- Igneous rock         2- Sedimentary rocks   3-  Metamorphic rocks   1- Igneous rock It has been formed by agency of heat , the molten material subsequently become soli ified.The cheif building used in steps , facing work , walls etc.However , it is unsuitable for carving work.It is more suitable for heavy engineering works such as docks , break waters, light houses , masonry bridges and piers. 2- Sedimentary rocks  It has been formed chiefly through the agency of water.Most of these have been derived fro

Masonry may be defined as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar.The building units may be stones , bricks or precast blocks of concrete.When stones are used as the building units,we have stone masonry ,similarly , in bricks masonry , bricks are used as the building units.A composite masonry is a construction is a construction in more building crafts and one of the oldest.It has built itself great reputation as one of the premier traditional materials of the building.Even though new principles of construction and new materials become prominent in  building construction practice , masonry has got the highest  importance in building industry. Masonry is normally used for the construction of foundations, walls. columns and other similar structural components of buildings.The basic advantage of masonry construction lies in the fact that in load bearing structure, it performs a verity of functions such as supporting loads, sub dividing space ,providing thermal an

 Preface Buildings are made lot of purpose.we are define with requirements. 1 - Residential Buildings              2 - Educational Buildings   3 - Institutional Buildings             4 - Assembly Buildings 5 - Business Buildings                   6- Mercantile Building 7 - Industrial Building                 8 - Storage Building 9 - Hazardous Buildings    1 - Residential Buildings According to name that type building For only Living Purpose for example sleeping , accommodation ,with or with out cooking ,dinning .That type buildings are made different activities like that are mentioned below.                                                                  i-Rooming   Houses or lodging ii- Family Private Dwelling iii - Dormitories iv - Apartment Houses                                                  V- Hotels Rooming Services buildings are use to sleeping accommodation for   a number of persons.It is permanent basis with or with out dining faciliti

  A building has two basic parts that are mentioned below. Substructure Superstructure sub- structure or foundations is lower potion of building. It is located below ground surface level.Main building transmitted the load of the substructure and it is transmitted on soil. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contract with the ground to which the loads are transmitted. Super - Structure is that part of the structure which is above ground surface level. It serves the purpose of its intended use.A part of the super structure , located between ground level and floor level is called plinth level. Plinth is defined as the portion of the structure between the surface of surrounding ground and surface of the floor, above the ground.The floor level is usually known as the plinth level. A building has the following components :  Foundations. Masonry units : walls and columns. Floor structure. Door , window and other openings. Vertical t

 Introduction Man requires different types of building for his necessary activities like houses , bungalows , flats for his living purposes  , hospitals and health centres , for his health purposes , schools colleges and universities for his education , bank shops offices building and factories for working purposes , railway building bus stations , and air terminals for transportation purposes , clubs theatres and cinemas halls for entertainments and tumbles masjid churches thalamus act for worship , each type of the about buildings has its own requirements , about the buildings activities are an important indicator of the countries , social progress, houses bungalows flats huts act provide shelter to man first hut with bamboo and lives can be taken as the first civil engineering constructions  carried out to satisfy the needs for a shelter before that caves were his early abode. The history of developing of housing facilities reveals that man has been molding his environme